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#[1]Main RSS Feed
[2]Home
The Garden (BUTTON)
[3]Now
[4]About
(BUTTON)
Essays
evergreen
A Brief History & Ethos of the Digital Garden
A newly revived philosophy for publishing personal knowledge on the web
* [5]Digital Gardening
* [6]Personal Knowledge
* [7]The Web
Planted almost 3 years agoLast tended almost 2 years ago
(BUTTON) Back To Top
Table of Contents
[8]A Brief History of Digital Gardens[9]The Early Gardens of
Hypertext[10]Digital Puttering on Twitter[11]Gardens, Streams, and
Caufield's Metaphors[12]Carrying on Caufield[13]Digital Gardening's
Fertile Soil[14]Developer-led Gardening[15]The Six Patterns of
Gardening[16]1. Topography over Timelines[17]2. Continuous Growth[18]3.
Imperfection & Learning in Public[19]4. Playful, Personal, and
Experimental[20]5. Intercropping & Content Diversity[21]6. Independent
Ownership
Table of Contents
[22]A Brief History of Digital Gardens[23]The Early Gardens of
Hypertext[24]Digital Puttering on Twitter[25]Gardens, Streams, and
Caufield's Metaphors[26]Carrying on Caufield[27]Digital Gardening's
Fertile Soil[28]Developer-led Gardening[29]The Six Patterns of
Gardening[30]1. Topography over Timelines[31]2. Continuous Growth[32]3.
Imperfection & Learning in Public[33]4. Playful, Personal, and
Experimental[34]5. Intercropping & Content Diversity[35]6. Independent
Ownership
Loading...
My highlighted a number of sites that are taking a new approach to the
way we publish personal knowledge on the web.
They're not following the conventions of the "personal blog," as we've
come to know it. Rather than presenting a set of polished articles,
displayed in reverse chronological order, these sites act more like
free form, work-in-progress wikis.
A garden is a collection of evolving ideas that aren't strictly
organised by their publication date. They're inherently exploratory –
notes are linked through contextual associations. They aren't refined
or complete - notes are published as half-finished thoughts that will
grow and evolve over time. They're less rigid, less performative, and
less perfect than the personal websites we're used to seeing.
It harkens back to the early days of the web when people had fewer
notions of how websites "should be.” It's an ethos that is both
classically old and newly imagined.
__________________________________________________________________
[36]
A Brief History of Digital Gardens
Let's go on a short journey to the origin of this word. The notion of a
digital garden is not a 2020 invention. It's been floating around for
over two decades. However, it's passed through a couple of semantic
shifts in that time, meaning different things to different people
across the years. As words tend to do.
Tracing back how
[37]Neologisms
are born helps us understand why anyone needed this word in the first
place. Language is always a response to the evolving world around us –
we expand it when our current vocabulary fails to capture what we're
observing, or have a particular desire for how we'd like the future to
unfold. Naming is a political act as much as a poetic one.
The Early Gardens of Hypertext
Mark Bernstein's 1998 essay appears to be the first recorded mention of
the term. Mark was part of the early hypertext crowd – the developers
figuring out how to arrange and present this new medium.
While the essay is a beautiful ode to free-wheeling internet
exploration, it's less about building personal internet spaces, and
more of a manifesto on user experience flows and content organisation.
Let's note that Mark's graphics are to die for
To put this in its historical context, Mark's writing was part of a
larger conversation happening throughout the nineties around hypertext
and its metaphorical framing.
The early web-adopters were caught up in the idea of The Web as a
labyrinth-esque community landscape tended by and These creators wanted
to enable pick-your-own-path experiences, while also providing enough
signposts that people didn't feel lost in their new, strange medium.
The early web debates around this became known as – the issue of how to
give web users just enough guidance to freely explore the web, without
forcing them into pre-defined browsing experiences. The eternal
struggle to find the right balance of chaos and structure.
"Unplanned hypertext sprawl is wilderness: complex and interesting,
but uninviting. Interesting things await us in the thickets, but we
may be reluctant to plough through the brush, subject to thorns and
mosquitoes"
While Mark's essay was concerned with different problems to the ones we
face on the web today, its core ethos feels aligned with our emerging
understanding of digital gardening. It captures the desire for
exploratory experiences, a welcoming of digital weirdness, and a
healthy amount of resistance to top-down structures.
After Mark's essay the term digital gardening goes quiet for nearly a
decade.
Digital Puttering on Twitter
In April of 2007 when Tweets first started ringing through the internet
airwaves, Rory Sutherland (oddly, the vice president of Ogilvy Group)
used the term "digital gardening", but defined it as "faffing about
syncing things, defragging - like pruning for young people"
Loading...
The next dozen mentions on Twitter all followed this sentiment – people
were using the term as a way to describe digital maintenance - the act
of cleaning up one's digital space. The focus was on sorting, weeding,
pruning, and decluttering, rather than growing and cultivating. People
mentioned cleaning out private folders, codebases, and photo albums as
the focus of their gardening efforts.
These people were digital puttering more than gardening.
Loading...
Loading...
Loading...
Since none of these folks reference to the earlier nineties notion of
digital gardening, or mention issues of hypertext navigation, this use
of the word feels like a brief tangent. Given the tiny size of Twitter
in the early days, these people probably belonged to the same social
flocks and were riffing off one another. It's not necessarily part of
the mainstream narrative we're tracking, but shows there's not one
strict meaning to the term.
That said, some degree of faffing about, sorting, and pruning are
certainly part of the practice of digital gardening. Though best
enjoyed in moderation.
Gardens, Streams, and Caufield's Metaphors
At the 2015 Digital Learning Research Network, Mike Caufield delivered
a keynote on . It later becomes that lays the foundations for our
current understanding of the term. If anyone should be considered the
original source of digital gardening, it's Caufield. They are the first
to lay out this whole idea in poetic, coherent words.
Caufield makes clear digital gardening is not about specific tools –
it's not a Wordpress plugin, Gastby theme, or Jekyll template. It's a
different way of thinking about our online behaviour around information
- one that accumulates personal knowledge over time in an explorable
space.
Caufield's main argument was that we have become swept away by streams
– the collapse of information into single-track timelines of events.
The conversational feed design of email inboxes, group chats, and
InstaTwitBook is fleeting – they're only concerned with self-assertive
immediate thoughts that rush by us in a few moments.
This is not inherently bad. Streams have their time and place. Twitter
is a force-multiplier for exploratory thoughts and delightful
encounters once you fall in with the right crowd and learn to play the
game.
But streams only surface the Zeitgeisty ideas of the last 24 hours.
They are not designed to accumulate knowledge, connect disparate
information, or mature over time.
The garden is our counterbalance. Gardens present information in a
richly linked landscape that grows slowly over time. Everything is
arranged and connected in ways that allow you to explore. Think about
the way Wikipedia works when you're hopping from to to . It's
hyperlinking at it's best. You get to actively choose which curiosity
trail to follow, rather than defaulting to the algorithmically-filtered
ephemeral stream. The garden helps us move away from time-bound streams
and into contextual knowledge spaces.
"The Garden is the web as topology. The web as space. It’s the
integrative web, the iterative web, the web as an arrangement and
rearrangement of things to one another."
Carrying on Caufield
Good ideas take time to germinate, and Caufield's vision of the
personal garden didn't reach critical mass right off the bat. It lay
dormant, waiting for the right time and the right people to find it.
In late 2018 the corner of Twitter I hang out in began using the term
more regularly – folks began passing around Caufield's original article
and experimenting with ways to turn their chronological blogs into
exploratory, interlinked gardens.
Tom Critchlow's 2018 article was one of the main kick-off points. Tom
read Caufield's essay and began speculating on alternative metaphors to
frame the way we consume and produce information. They suggested we add
campfires to the idea of streams and gardens – the private Slack
groups, casual blog rings, and
[38]Cozy Web
areas where people write in response to one another. While gardens
present the ideas of an individual, campfires are conversational spaces
to exchange ideas that aren't yet fully formed.
Tom piece was shortly followed by Joel Hooks' in early 2019. Joel
focused on the process of digital gardening, emphasising the slow
growth of ideas through writing, rewriting, editing, and revising
thoughts in public. Instead of slapping Fully Formed Opinions up on the
web and never changing them.
Joel also added Amy Hoy's post to the pile of influential ideas that
led to our current gardening infatuation. While not specifically about
gardening, Amy's piece gives us a lot of good historical context. In
it, she explores the history of blogs over the last three decades, and
pinpoints exactly when we all became fixated on publishing our thoughts
in reverse chronological order (spoiler: around 2001 with the launch of
).
Amy argues that Moveable Type didn't just launch us into the
"Chronological Sort Era". It also killed the wild, diverse, hodge-podge
personalisation of websites that characterised the early web. Instead
of hand-coding your own layout and deciding exactly how to arrange the
digital furniture, we began to enter the age of standardised layouts.
Plug n' play templates that you drop content into became the norm. It
became harder and more technically involved to edit the HTML & CSS
yourself.
"Suddenly people weren’t creating homepages or even web pages...
they were writing web content in form fields and text areas inside a
web page."
Many people have lamented the web's slow transition from unique
homepages to a bland ocean of generic Wordpress themes. Digital
gardening is part of the pushback against the limited range of vanilla
web formats and layouts we now for granted.
Over the course 2019 and early 2020, more and more people began riffing
on the concept. Shaun Wang compiled the . Anne-Laure Le Cunff published
a popular guide to setting up . The IndieWeb community hosted a to
discuss the history of commonplace books, personal wikis, and memory
palaces.
By late 2020 this whole concept had attracted enough attention for the
MIT Tech Review to write on it. Perhaps this is the watershed moment
when a Twitter buzzword has "made it."
Digital Gardening's Fertile Soil
What made our current historical moment the right time for digital
gardening to take off?
The timing coincided with a few complimentary ideas and communities
rallying around personal knowledge systems, note-taking practices, and
reimagining tools for blogging. The scene was ripe for new ideas around
curating and sharing personal knowledge online.
Many of the people who jumped on the early digital gardening bandwagon
were part of communities like...
* The collective – a group that has been championing independent web
spaces outside the walled gardens of Instatwitbook for nearly a
decade.
* Users of the note-taking app – Roam pioneered new ways of
interlinking content and strongly appeals to people trying to build
sprawling knowledge graphs.
* Followers of Tiago Forte's course which popularised the idea of
actively curating personal knowledge.
* People rallying around the ethos that encourages continuously
creating 'learning exhaust' in the form of notes and summaries.
Developer-led Gardening
Many of these early adopters were people who understood how to build
websites – either professional developers or enthusiastic hobbyists.
Any kind of novel experimentation with the web requires knowing a
non-trivial amount of HTML, CSS, and JS. Not to mention all the
surrounding infrastructure required actually to get a site live.
Developers took to the idea because they already had the technical
ability to jump in play around with what garden-esque websites might
look like.
The current state of web development helped here too. While it feels
like we've been in a slow descent into a horrifyingly complex and
bloated web development process, a number of recent tools have made it
easier to get a fully customised website up and running. Services like
and have taken the pain out of deployment. Static site generators like
, , and make it easier to build sophisticated websites that
auto-generate pages, and take care of grunt work like optimising load
time, images, and SEO. These services are trying to find a happy middle
ground between tediously hand-coding solutions, and being trapped in
the restrictions of Wordpress or Squarespace.
While developers were the first on the scene, plenty of writers,
researchers, and note-taking enthusiasts have been drawn to the idea of
digital gardening. To help folks without programming skills join in,
there's been a surge in templates and platforms that allow people to
build their own digital gardens without touching a ton of code. I've
written an entire guide to
[39]Digital Gardening for Non-Technical Folks
if you fall into that category.
Tools like , , and are all great options. Many of them offer fancy
features like nested folders,
[40]Bi-Directional Links
, footnotes, and visual graphs.
However, many of these no-code tools still feel like cookie-cutter
solutions. Rather than allowing people to design the and spatial
layouts of their gardens, they inevitably force people into pre-made
arrangements. This doesn't meant they don't "count,” as "real” gardens,
but simply that they limit their gardeners to some extent. You can't
design different types of links, novel features, experimental layouts,
or custom architecture. They're pre-fab houses instead of raw building
materials.
__________________________________________________________________
[41]
The Six Patterns of Gardening
In all the recent gardening flurry, we've run into the inevitable
confusion around how to define the term.
Loading...
There are contested ideas about what qualifies as a garden, what the
core ethos should focus on, and whether it's worthy of a new label at
all. What exactly makes a website a digital garden as opposed to just
another blog?
After reading all the existing takes on the term, observing a wide
variety of gardens, and collecting some of the , I've identified a few
key qualities they all share.
There are a few guiding principles, design patterns and structures
people are rallying around. This amounts to a kind of digital gardening
[42]Pattern Language
.
1. Topography over Timelines
Gardens are organised around contextual relationships and associative
links; the concepts and themes within each note determine how it's
connected to others.
This runs counter to the time-based structure of traditional blogs:
posts presented in reverse chronological order based on publication
date.
Gardens don't consider publication dates the most important detail of a
piece of writing. Dates might be included on posts, but they aren't the
structural basis of how you navigate around the garden. Posts are
connected to other by posts through related themes, topics, and shared
context.
One of the best ways to do this is through
[43]Bi-Directional Links
– links that make both the destination page and the source page visible
to the reader. This makes it easy to move between related content.
Because garden notes are densely linked, a garden explorer can enter at
any location and follow any trail they link through the content, rather
than being dumped into a "most recent” feed.
Dense links are essential, but gardeners often layer on other ways of
exploring their knowledge base. They might have , , tags and filtering
functionality, , , or listing notable and popular content.
Many entry points but no prescribed pathways.
2. Continuous Growth
Gardens are never finished, they're constantly growing, evolving, and
changing. Just like a real soil, carrot, and cabbage garden.
The isn't how we usually think about writing on the web. Over the last
decade, we've moved away from casual live journal entries and
formalised our writing into articles and essays. These are carefully
crafted, edited, revised, and published with a timestamp. When it's
done, it's done. We act like tiny magazines, sending our writing off to
the printer.
This is odd considering editability is one of the main selling points
of the web. Gardens lean into this – there is no "final version” on a
garden. What you publish is always open to revision and expansion.
Gardens are designed to evolve alongside your thoughts. When you first
have an idea, it's fuzzy and unrefined. You might notice a pattern in
your corner of the world, but need to collect evidence, consider
counter-arguments, spot similar trends, and research who else has thunk
such thoughts before you. In short, you need to do your homework and
critically think about it over time.
In performance-blog-land you do that thinking and researching
privately, then shove it out at the final moment. A grand flourish that
hides the process.
In garden-land, that process of researching and refining happens on the
open internet. You post ideas while they're still "seedlings,” and tend
them regularly until they're fully grown, respectable opinions.
This has a number of benefits:
* You're freed from the pressure to get everything right immediately.
You can test ideas, get feedback, and revise your opinions like a
good internet citizen.
* It's low friction. Gardening your thoughts becomes a daily ritual
that only takes a small amount of effort. Over time, big things
grow.
* It gives readers an insight into your writing and thinking process.
They come to realise you are not a magical idea machine banging out
perfectly formed thoughts, but instead an equally mediocre human
doing The Work of trying to understand the world and make sense of
it alongside you.
This all comes with an important caveat; gardens make their
imperfection known to readers. Which brings us to the next pattern...
3. Imperfection & Learning in Public
Gardens are imperfect by design. They don't hide their rough edges or
claim to be a permanent source of truth.
Putting anything imperfect and half-written on an "official website”
may feel strange. We have all been trained to behave like tiny,
performative corporations when it comes to presenting ourselves in
digital space. Blogging evolved in the culture of Millenialism as a way
to Promote Your Personal Brand™ and market your SEO-optimized Content.
Weird, quirky personal blogs of the early 2000's turned into cleanly
crafted brands with publishing strategies and media campaigns. Everyone
now has a modern minimalist logo and an LLC.
Digital gardening is the response to the professional personal blog;
it's both intimate and public, weird and welcoming. It's less
performative than a blog, but more intentional and thoughtful than a
Twitter feed. It wants to build personal knowledge over time, rather
than engage in banter and quippy conversations.
Think of it as a spectrum. Things we dump into private WhatsApp group
chats, DMs, and cavalier Tweet threads are part of our chaos streams -
a continuous flow of high noise / low signal ideas. On the other end we
have highly performative and cultivated artefacts like published books
that you prune and tend for years.
Gardening sits in the middle. It's the perfect balance of chaos and
cultivation.
This ethos of imperfection opens up a world of possibility that
performative blogging shut down. First, it enables you to ; the
practice of sharing what you learn as you're learning it, not a decade
later once you're an "expert.”
This freedom of course comes with great responsibility. Publishing
imperfect and early ideas requires that we make the status of our notes
clear to readers. You should include some indicator of how "done” they
are, and how much effort you've invested in them.
This could be with a simple categorisation system. I personally use an
overly horticultural metaphor:
* 🌱 Seedlings for very rough and early ideas
* 🌿 Budding for work I've cleaned up and clarified
* 🌳 Evergreen for work that is reasonably complete (though I still
tend these over time).
I also include the dates I planted and last tended a post so people get
a sense of how long I've been growing it.
Other gardeners include an epistemic status on their posts – a short
statement that makes clear how they know what they know, and how much
time they've invested in researching it.
was one of the earliest and most consistent gardeners to offer
meta-reflections on their work. Each entry comes with:
* topic tags
* start and end date
* a stage tag: draft, in progress, or finished
* a certainty tag: impossible, unlikely, certain, etc.
* 1-10 importance tag
These are all explained in their , which is worth reading if you're
designing your own epistemological system.
Devon Zuegal is another notable gardener who has epistemic status and
epistemic effort on their posts, indicating both their certainty level
about the material, and how much effort went into making it. They also
make a strong case for as a feature, not a bug.
In a similar vein, Shawn Wang has written the Digital Gardening which I
adore and ascribe to. They ask the reader to allow the writer to be
wrong, offer constructive criticism, and attribute their work. They ask
gardeners to be considerate of others (don't share private information
or name and shame), offer epistemic disclosure, and respond to
feedback.
The digital gardening terms of service – Source: Shawn Wang, swyx.io
All of these design patterns feed our growing desire for transparency,
meta information, and breadcrumbs back to the source of ideas.
4. Playful, Personal, and Experimental
Gardens are non-homogenous by nature. You can plant the same seeds as
your neighbour, but you'll always end up with a different arrangement
of plants.
Digital gardens should be just as unique and particular as their
vegetative counterparts. The point of a garden is that it's a personal
playspace. You organise the garden around the ideas and mediums that
match your way of thinking, rather than off someone else's standardised
template.
Ideally, this involves experimenting with the native languages of the
web – HTML, CSS, and JavaScript. They're the most flexible and robust
tools we have for building interconnected knowledge online. Gardens are
a chance to question the established norms of a 'personal website', and
make space for weirder, wilder experiments.
That said, I should acknowledge that jumping into full-on web
development is simply beyond the abilities and interests of many
people. There is still room for personalisation and play if you're
using a pre-made template or service – it'll just be within the
constraints of that system.
One goal of these hyper-personalised gardens is deep contextualisation.
The overwhelming lesson of the Web 2.0 social media age is that dumping
millions of people together into decontextualised social spaces is a
shit show. Devoid of any established social norms and abstracted from
our specific cultural identities, we end up in awkward, aggravating
exchanges with people who are socially incoherent to us. We know
nothing of their lives, backgrounds, or belief systems, and have to
assume the worst. Twitter only offers us a 240 character bio. Facebook
pre-selects the categories it deems important about you – relationship
status, gender, hometown.
Gardens offer us the ability to present ourselves in forms that aren't
cookie cutter profiles. They're the higher-fidelity version, complete
with quirks, contradictions, and complexity.
5. Intercropping & Content Diversity
Gardens are not just a collection of interlinked words. While linear
writing is an incredible medium that has served us well for a little
over 5000 years, it is daft to pretend working in a single medium is a
sufficient way to explore complex ideas.
It is also absurd to ignore the fact we're living in an audio-visual
cornucopia that the web makes possible. Podcasts, videos, diagrams,
illustrations, interactive web animations, academic papers, tweets,
rough sketches, and code snippets should all live and grow in the
garden.
[intercropping-garden_shrink_mx6nx8.png]
Historically, monocropping has been the quickest route to starvation,
pests, and famine. Don't be a lumper potato farmer while everyone else
is sustainably intercropping.
6. Independent Ownership
Gardening is about claiming a small patch of the web for yourself, one
you fully own and control.
This patch should not live on the servers of Facebook, LinkedIn,
Twitter, Instagram (aka. also Facebook), or Medium. None of these
platforms are designed to help you slowly build and weave personal
knowledge. Most of them actively fight against it.
If any of those services go under, your writing and creations sink with
it (crazier things have happened in the span of humanity). None of them
have an easy export button. And they certainly won't hand you your data
in a transferable format.
A set of walled gardens with the Twitter, Medium, and Facebook logos
next to an open garden built on HTML, CSS, and Markdown
Independently owning your garden helps you plan for long-term change.
You should think about how you want your space to grow over the next
few decades, not just the next few months.
If you give it a bit of forethought, you can build your garden in a way
that makes it easy to transfer and adapt. Platforms and technologies
will inevitably change. Using old-school, reliable, and widely used web
native formats like HTML/CSS is a safe bet. Backing up your notes as
flat markdown files won't hurt either.
Keeping your garden on the open web also sets you up to take part in
the future of gardening. At the moment our gardens are rather solo
affairs. We haven't figure out how to make them multi-player. But
there's an enthusiastic community of developers and designers trying to
fix that. It's hard to say what kind of libraries, frameworks, and
design patterns might emerge out of that effort, but it certainly isn't
going to happen behind a Medium paywall.
A set of gardens with plant life moving between them
__________________________________________________________________
This is all my take on gardening, but knowledge and neologisms always
live within communities. No one owns The Official Definition of digital
gardening. Numerous people have contributed to the growing conversation
and you should read their thoughts as well.
Want to share? (BUTTON) Tell Twitter About It
8 Backlinks
The Expanding Dark Forest and Generative AI
Proving you're a human on a web flooded with generative AI content
A Short History of Bi-Directional Links
Seventy years ago we dreamed up links that would allow us to create
two-way, contextual conversations. Why don't we use them on the web?
Digital Gardening for Non-Technical Folks
How to build a digital garden without touching code
Transclusion and Transcopyright Dreams
The lost permissioning and copyright system of the Web
The Pattern Language of Project Xanadu
Project Xanadu as a pattern language, rather than a failed software
project
Growing the Evergreens
Illustrated notes on the concept of 'Evergreen notes' and how to write
them
A Meta-Tour of This Site
A video tour through how I build the old version of this site
Tending Evergreen Notes in Roam Research
A walkthrough of how I manage and tend Evergreen notes in Roam
Mentions around the web
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with-heart
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Hacker News
Abra Tusz
King | "OG" Zettelkasten 🧠 2nd Brain 🚢
HN Front Page
⎯ΘωΘ⟶
lqdev
Evgeny Kuznetsov
Brad
Brad
Chris Aldrich
DixOnGE
talyssa
Chris Krycho
márcio moreira
84 Likes and Retweets
[44]wildrye.commentionedMarch 10, 2023
Image by Pallangor, How to Make a Beautiful Minecraft GardenGarden of
Infinite Possibilities Jorge Luis Borges’ story the “Garden of Forking
Paths” is set in an elaborate garden, but the real garden is a book
that is structured in such a way as to allow infinite possibilities.
[45]wildrye.commentionedMarch 09, 2023
Mike Caufield talks about his collection of notes in his wiki and how
they work together as a rich network of ideas. Part of his method is to
very carefully describe the relationship between two ideas when he
builds his links. These descriptions become ideas in their own right.
[46]Cristinamentionedin What the heck is a digital garden?March 04,
2023
Digital gardens are a relatively new concept that are gaining
popularity online. They are often described as a cross between a blog
and a personal wiki. At its core, a digital garden is a place for
someone to share their thoughts, ideas, and learning experiences in a
more casual
Whatdefang
[47]WhatdefangmentionedFebruary 28, 2023
Naming is a political act as much as a poetic one.
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© 2023 Maggie Appleton
* [48]The Garden
* [49]Essays
* [50]About
* [51]Notes
* [52]Now
* [53]Patterns
* [54]Library
* [55]Projects
* [56]Colophon
References
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5. https://maggieappleton.com/topics/digital-gardening
6. https://maggieappleton.com/topics/personal-knowledge
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8. https://maggieappleton.com/garden-history#a-brief-history-of-digital-gardens
9. https://maggieappleton.com/garden-history#the-early-gardens-of-hypertext
10. https://maggieappleton.com/garden-history#digital-puttering-on-twitter
11. https://maggieappleton.com/garden-history#gardens-streams-and-caufield's-metaphors
12. https://maggieappleton.com/garden-history#carrying-on-caufield
13. https://maggieappleton.com/garden-history#digital-gardening's-fertile-soil
14. https://maggieappleton.com/garden-history#developer-led-gardening
15. https://maggieappleton.com/garden-history#the-six-patterns-of-gardening
16. https://maggieappleton.com/garden-history#1-topography-over-timelines
17. https://maggieappleton.com/garden-history#2-continuous-growth
18. https://maggieappleton.com/garden-history#3-imperfection-&-learning-in-public
19. https://maggieappleton.com/garden-history#4-playful-personal-and-experimental
20. https://maggieappleton.com/garden-history#5-intercropping-&-content-diversity
21. https://maggieappleton.com/garden-history#6-independent-ownership
22. https://maggieappleton.com/garden-history#a-brief-history-of-digital-gardens
23. https://maggieappleton.com/garden-history#the-early-gardens-of-hypertext
24. https://maggieappleton.com/garden-history#digital-puttering-on-twitter
25. https://maggieappleton.com/garden-history#gardens-streams-and-caufield's-metaphors
26. https://maggieappleton.com/garden-history#carrying-on-caufield
27. https://maggieappleton.com/garden-history#digital-gardening's-fertile-soil
28. https://maggieappleton.com/garden-history#developer-led-gardening
29. https://maggieappleton.com/garden-history#the-six-patterns-of-gardening
30. https://maggieappleton.com/garden-history#1-topography-over-timelines
31. https://maggieappleton.com/garden-history#2-continuous-growth
32. https://maggieappleton.com/garden-history#3-imperfection-&-learning-in-public
33. https://maggieappleton.com/garden-history#4-playful-personal-and-experimental
34. https://maggieappleton.com/garden-history#5-intercropping-&-content-diversity
35. https://maggieappleton.com/garden-history#6-independent-ownership
36. https://maggieappleton.com/garden-history#a-brief-history-of-digital-gardens
37. https://maggieappleton.com/neologisms
38. https://maggieappleton.com/cozy-web
39. https://maggieappleton.com/nontechnical-gardening
40. https://maggieappleton.com/bidirectionals
41. https://maggieappleton.com/garden-history#the-six-patterns-of-gardening
42. https://maggieappleton.com/pattern-languages
43. https://maggieappleton.com/bidirectionals
44. https://wildrye.com/what-is-a-digital-garden/
45. https://wildrye.com/the-digital-garden-as-an-experience-generator/
46. https://embersonthehearth.com/2023/03/04/what-the-heck-is-a-digital-garden/
47. https://twitter.com/whatdefang/status/1630464510740815872
48. https://maggieappleton.com/garden
49. https://maggieappleton.com/essays
50. https://maggieappleton.com/about
51. https://maggieappleton.com/notes
52. https://maggieappleton.com/now
53. https://maggieappleton.com/patterns
54. https://maggieappleton.com/library
55. https://maggieappleton.com/projects
56. https://maggieappleton.com/colophon
Hidden links:
58. https://github.com/MaggieAppleton
59. https://uk.linkedin.com/in/maggieappleton
60. https://dribbble.com/mappleton
61. https://twitter.com/Mappletons
62. https://indieweb.social/@maggie