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David Heinemeier Hansson
May 4, 2023
Even Amazon can't make sense of serverless or microservices
The Prime Video team at Amazon has published a rather [3]remarkable
case study on their decision to dump their serverless, microservices
architecture and replace it with a monolith instead. This move saved
them a staggering 90%(!!) on operating costs, and simplified the system
too. What a win!
But beyond celebrating their good sense, I think there's a bigger point
here that applies to our entire industry. Here's the telling bit:
"We designed our initial solution as a distributed system using
serverless components... In theory, this would allow us to scale
each service component independently. However, the way we used some
components caused us to hit a hard scaling limit at around 5% of the
expected load."
That really sums up so much of the microservices craze that was tearing
through the tech industry for a while: IN THEORY. Now the real-world
results of all this theory are finally in, and it's clear that in
practice, microservices pose perhaps the biggest siren song for
needlessly complicating your system. And serverless only makes it
worse.
What makes this story unique is that Amazon was the original poster
child for service-oriented architectures. The far more reasonable prior
to microservices. An organizational pattern for dealing with
intra-company communication at crazy scale when API calls beat
scheduling coordination meetings.
SOA makes perfect sense at the scale of Amazon. No single team could
ever hope to know or understand everything needed to steer such a fleet
of supertankers. Making teams coordinate via published APIs was a
stroke of genius.
But, as with many good ideas, this pattern turned toxic as soon as it
was adopted outside its original context, and wreaked havoc once it got
pushed into the internals of single-application architectures. That's
how we got microservices.
In many ways, microservices is a zombie architecture. Another strain of
an intellectual contagion that just refuses to die. It's been eating
brains since the dark days of J2EE (remote server beans, anyone??)
through the [4]WS-Deathstar nonsense, and now in the form of
microservices and serverless.
But this third wave seems finally to have crested. I wrote an ode to
[5]The Majestic Monolith way back in 2016. Kelsey Hightower, one of the
leading voices behind Kubernetes, [6]put it beautifully in 2020:
"We’re gonna break [the monolith] up and somehow find the
engineering discipline we never had in the first place... Now you
went from writing bad code to building bad infrastructure.
Because it drives a lot of new spend, it drives a lot of new hiring…
So a lot of people get addicted to all the flourishment of money,
and marketing, and it’s just a lot of buzz that people are attaching
their assignment to, when honestly it’s not gonna necessarily solve
their problem."
Bingo. Replacing method calls and module separations with network
invocations and service partitioning within a single, coherent team and
application is madness in almost all cases.
I'm happy that we beat back the zombie onslaught of that terrible idea
for the third time in my living memory, but we still need to stay
vigilant that we'll eventually have to do it again. Some bad ideas
simply refuse to die no matter how many times you kill them. All you
can do is recognize when they rise from the dead once more, and keep
your retorical shotgun locked and loaded.
About David Heinemeier Hansson
Made [7]Basecamp and [8]HEY for the underdogs as co-owner and CTO of
[9]37signals. Created [10]Ruby on Rails. Wrote [11]REWORK, [12]It
Doesn't Have to Be Crazy at Work, and [13]REMOTE. Won at Le Mans as a
[14]racing driver. Fought the big tech monopolies as an [15]antitrust
advocate. Invested in [16]Danish startups.
Subscribe to get future posts via email (or grab the [17]RSS feed)
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[18]Sent to the world with HEY
References
1. https://world.hey.com/dhh/feed.atom
2. https://world.hey.com/dhh
3. https://www.primevideotech.com/video-streaming/scaling-up-the-prime-video-audio-video-monitoring-service-and-reducing-costs-by-90
4. https://www.flickr.com/photos/psd/1428661128/
5. https://m.signalvnoise.com/the-majestic-monolith/
6. https://changelog.com/posts/monoliths-are-the-future
7. https://www.basecamp.com/
8. https://www.hey.com/
9. https://37signals.com/
10. https://rubyonrails.org/
11. https://www.amazon.com/Rework-Jason-Fried/dp/0307463745
12. https://www.amazon.com/Doesnt-Have-Be-Crazy-Work/dp/0062874780
13. https://www.amazon.com/Remote-Office-Not-Required/dp/0804137501
14. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iNQl0x6WS3M
15. https://dhh.dk/#antitrust
16. https://dhh.dk/#investor
17. https://world.hey.com/dhh/feed.atom
18. https://www.hey.com/world/?utm_source=hw-web